Causes of Road Accidents

Causes Of Road Accident †¢ The first major cause of road accidents in Ghana is poor driving skills. †¢ Drivers  talking on mobile phones while driving have caused several road accidents †¢ Gross indiscipline is the cause in most cases amongst Ghanaians. †¢ Most accidents are caused by broken down vehicles on our roads. †¢ It appears in Ghana there is a leeway for drivers to drive on worn/second hand tyres. †¢ The unworthiness of some cars on our roads also invariably leads to road accidents. Over-loading of vehicles beyond their expected gross weights is a known cause of accidents. †¢ Fatigue driving is a known cause of road accidents by long-distance drivers. †¢ 10% of road accidents in Ghana are caused by drunk driving . †¢ Over-speeding constitutes about 50% of road accidents in the country. †¢ The poor nature of some of our roads has also often been cited as a cause for some vehicular accidents in the country. †¢ Disregard for traffic regulations by most drivers also leads to accidents on our roads. Non-existent road markings and signs. Road Safety Caustion Causes of Road Accident Fatality Rate in Road Accident Other News 300 road safety trainee's pass out RSMSL makes strides in road safety Road Safety Management Services train tow truck drivers Road Safety Management Services distributes new tow trucks Road Safety Management Services inaugurates board of directors Road Safety Assistants Support Police at Presidential Inauguration Road safety: A Shared ResponsibilityFriday, 29. Mar 2013 Road safety: A Shared Responsibility Road accidents mostly happen as result of recklessness, carelessness, overconfidence and illiteracy among others, exhibited by drivers, not respecting road safety regulations, jumping the red light, wrong overtaking especially on the highways, and in cities like Accra and Kumasi†¦. Read More More News  »

Global Warming Outline Essay

Pierre de Fermat was born in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France in August of 1601 and died in 1665. He is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the seventeenth century. Fermat is considered to be one of the ‘fathers’ of analytic geometry. Fermat along with Blaise Pascal is also considered to be one of the founders of probability theory. Fermat also made contributions in the field of optics and provided a law on light travel and made wrote a few papers about calculus well before Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz were actually born.Fermat’s most important work was done in the development of modern number theory which was one of his favorite areas in math. He is best remembered for his number theory, in particular for Fermat’s Last Theorem. This theorem states that: xn + yn = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x, y and z when n is greater than 2. Fermat almost certainly wrote the marginal note around 1630, when he first studied Diophantus’s Arithmetic. It may well be that Fermat realized that his prove was wrong, however, since all his other theorems were stated and restated in challenge problems that Fermat sent to other mathematicians. Although the special cases of n = 3 and n = 4 were issued as challenges the general theorem was never mentioned again by Fermat. In fact in all the mathematical work left by Fermat there is only one proof. Fermat proves that the area of a right trangle cannot be a square. See more: what is essay format Meaning that a rational triangle cannot be a rational square. In symbols, there do not exist integers x, y, z with x2 + y2 = z2 such that xy/2 is a square. From this it is easy to deduce the n = 4 case of Fermat’s theorem. The proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem marks the end of a mathematical era. Since all of the tools which were brought to bear on the problem still had to be invented in the time of Fermat. Judging by the tenacity with which the problem wa for so long, Fermat’s alleged proof seems likely to have been illusionary. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that Fermat searched for proofs for the cases and , which would have been superfluous had he actually been in possession of a general proof.

Cyrano de Bergerac Essay

The centre of universe of the supremely captivating play â€Å"Cyrano de Bergerac† by Edmond Rostand is the beautiful Roxane. She is loved and admired by several powerful characters of the time and she has a long list of suitors who want to win her over. She is apparently oblivious to the affections of several of her suitors but at the same time is worldly wise enough to keep unwarranted advances of several characters at bay with typical feminine instinct and cunning. She is loved by the heroic of Cyrano but he rules himself unworthy of her as his appearance is hindered by an acutely large nose which lends an air of ugliness to him. She is also the object of affection of Christian who is handsome as handsome comes but not gifted with any of Cyrano’s strength of character or talents in arts. At heart, though he is one of the best human beings but not strong willed enough to do anything to advance anything he thinks is right. He is helped by Cyrano in creating an image of a poetic, obsessive lover gifted with the deliquescence of a connoisseur. Roxane falls for this image and several intriguing instances lead her into marrying Christian in a haste, shortly after which he is sent to the battle field by another of her scornful lover De Guiche, who is also the commander of the French army and a powerful man of the time. Roxane, the romantic that she is insists on Christian writing her regularly form the war front and Cyrano risks his life to keep the promise. At the war front when Christian slowly understands the strength of Cyrano’s feelings for Roxane and also gets a whiff of the suspicion that Roxane has fallen in love not with him for his beauty but the poetic, gentle and heroic image created by him, which is much closer to Cyrano in real life, he wants to unit the two lovers. But as fate would have it, Roxane comes into the battlefield, enamored with the image of her ardent lover and a series of unfortunate incidents lead to Christian’s death and Cyrano’s decision that he will never be able to reveal his love or his true identity in Roxane-Christian love affair. The last act deals with Roxane learning the identity of her true love just before Cyrano dies after reading her last letter to her(which is in her possession as the last letter of Christiano) In the beginning of the play, Roxane comes across as a regular beauty with some wit but an exceedingly kind heart and a large appetite for heroic morality. She manages well to thwart and deflect the attention of several of her suitors. She never lacks in friends, servants, attendants or admirers who would do her a favour or help her in any situation. As is usual with most girls of her age, she is enamoured with the glamour of youth and wants to be loved by the best looker – Christiano. His looks prompts her to be ready for his advances. In fact, she arranges and accepts for a meeting where Christiano is given an opportunity to speak out his mind about love. But the initial hints of artistic tenderness and a craving for something more than mere physical beauty is evident when she gets upset with Christiano when he fails to articulate his feelings for her. The moving expression of love for her by Cyrano in the darkness from below her balcony stirs her dormant feelings of intimacy and she offers to kiss him. There is a faint glimpse into her soul in these contrasting instances where mere handsomeness of Christiano fails to excite her but an artistic evoking of love and its description makes her desperate to kiss her lover. In the initial stages of the play, this is purposely described as though she is a victim of the usual feminine vanity of falling for excessive praise. But this craving for something more than utterly physical comes out strongly when she is moved into risking her life to visit her (now) husband Christiano at the battlefront. For the first time, she gives expression to her belief that she is in love with the soul of Christiano and not his physical persona. The play is at a crucial juncture where some revelations can happen but the tight dramatization of Rostand makes it impossible neither for her to know the truth nor for Cyrano to reveal his love and his true identity as the creator of the soul that she is so deeply in love with.

'The Every Child Matters series of documents set out the most Essay

'The Every Child Matters series of documents set out the most important proposals for change in the field of child safeguardin - Essay Example II. Definition In an effort to meet children’s developmental needs, the UK government was prompted to consult children themselves, of things that matter to them most in order to be the basis of proposals for change. These key outcomes—being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic well-being are detailed in the Every Child Matters report and represent a considerable shift in focus for staff providing public services for children. (Baxter & Frederickson, 2005). In the document for Every Child Matters, Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government, 2006), important definitions on some constructs on hand were given: â€Å"In the Children Acts 1989 and 2004, a child is anyone who has not yet reached their 18th birthday. ‘Children’ therefore means ‘children and young people’ throughout. The fact that a child has reached 16 years of age, is living independently or is in further education, is a member of the armed forces, is in hospital, in prison or in a Young Offenders’ Institution, does not change his or her status or entitlement to services or protection under the Children Act 1989. â€Å"(HM Government, 2006, p.34) Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is defined as â€Å"protecting children from maltreatment; preventing impairment of children’s health or development and ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care (HM Government, pp. 34-35) Child protection is a part of safeguarding and promoting welfare. This refers to the â€Å"activity that is undertaken to protect specific children who are suffering, or are at risk of suffering, significant harm† (HM Government, p. 35). III. Historical context The controversial brutal death of eight-year old Victoria Climbie in the hands of people she trusted spurred an in-depth investigation that inspired the writing of the G reen Paper, otherwise known as Every Child Matters. Although her death is a tragic loss, it has awakened in the government its vigilance in the protection of children, hence, Victoria’s death was not in vain. The UK is signatory in the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child. Every five years, the UK government is required to report to the UN Commission on its progress in implementing the convention in the country. It is expected that all government departments hold responsibility to promote the convention and the five key outcomes set out in Every Child Matters namely: being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic well-being. This document provides the vehicle for the delivery of the convention in the country. It widens the scope of government involvement in children’s development and challenges all those involved with children to develop effective practices in promoting positive developmental outcomes for all. Inspe ctors of children’s services will be looking for evidence that â€Å"Children and young people, parents and carers are involved in identifying their needs and designing services† and â€Å"Children and young people contribute to performance management and their views are listened to† (Ofsted, 2004). IV. Important proposal for changes The Government’s response to the inquiry report and the first joint Chief Inspectors’ Report (Cm 5861) identified the key features of an effective

Case Study in B2B Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Case Study in B2B Marketing - Essay Example The company TCL has been stated to be quite established which provides its clients with a complete assortment of services related to marketing and advertising. The services entail advertising, website development, online marketing, direct marketing as well as public relations. The client list of the company consists of an extensive variety of companies ranging from furniture retailers, garden centres, local parks with theme and universities. The company is believed to have created a superior reputation for itself in terms of offering a dependable, consistent, proficient and gracious service. It is known to be engaged with the B2B marketing and thus the bulk of its respective business is believed to be attained with the help of reference selling or rather word-of-mouth suggestion. This advertising as well as marketing company has witnessed tough times in its business owing to the economic downturn which is making the company to entail certain required alterations in its marketing plan s for the reason of ensuring its survival in this environment. The marketing mix of the company TCL calls for the requirement of few alterations in order to meet up to the marketing aims ascertained by the company. The effectual and the competent formulation of a fresh or transformed marketing mix would need a lucid comprehension of the present marketing objectives or aims of the company. The company has been made to witness few challenges in terms of its existing business owing the recent economic downturn. The other grave challenge experienced by TCL has been measured to be the exceeding fragmentation of the market. The market in which the company operates has been found to be sectioned and consists of increased amount of small as well as

Strategy Implementation for Coca-Cola Company Research Paper

Strategy Implementation for Coca-Cola Company - Research Paper Example However, Coca-Cola Company cannot take anything for granted and ignore competition from its main rival and other increasing localized competitions. The company makes use of its key resources in the most efficient and productive way, a situation that has enabled the company to serve its customers with exceptional quality and satisfaction. As a result, the company has constantly strived to maintain growth, perform excellently, and increase shareholders’ value through constant adoption of strategic management policies, which further should be implemented effectively. Strategy Implementation Coca-Cola’s strategic management has for a long time been facilitated through resource-based strategy. Through this strategy, the company perceives its success to lie largely through effective use of key resources such as brands, systems, capital, and people (Pearce and Robinson, 2009). The understanding of the company is that, by utilizing these resources, Coca-Cola has been able to cr eate competitive advantage and edge over its competitors. Strategic management at Coca-Cola Company remains one of the tenets the company has been able to navigate challenging environments and realize its objectives and vision. Such strategic decisions include initiating goals for fair returns on shareholders’ value and serving the community. At the same time, Coca-Cola Company has been able to realize its objectives through innovation and diversification of products to different markets around the world. Implementation of strategy in an organization is a multi-layered process that incorporates multiple strategic initiatives (Heracleous, 2003). In this way, no particular single method can be adopted to implement strategy and succeed successful. At the same time, strategy implementation in an organization should involve multi-disciplinary team guided by efficient management team. Organizational Design In order to implement a strategy more effectively, an organization cannot ig nore critical aspects of organizational structure, people, culture, and control systems (Hill and Jones, 2009). A successful strategy that has ability to achieve goals and objectives set has to integrate these aspects. For example, there has to be the right people in an organization to implement the strategy, from the management perspective and employee perspective (Hill and Jones, 2009). At the same time, a supportive culture has to be in place to facilitate strategy implementation, which has to provide the right environment for the success of the strategy. Moreover, critical structures must be present to support and enhance strategy implementation (Hill and Jones, 2009). Structures are particularly effective in coordinating and ensuring goals of the strategic process are realized. Lastly, efficient systems must be present to measure the progress and success of the strategy (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2010). The people Coca-Cola Company has a mission, which facilitates the desire of the company to provide unique refreshment to the world thorough its diversified beverages, and at the same time to inspire moments of optimisms by promoting its brands and actions, and lastly, to create unique and exceptional value in the market all the time (Coca Cola, 2011). To achieve this exemplary position, Coca-Cola Compan

Choose from the 3 available topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose from the 3 available topics - Essay Example Despite the changes adopted in the representation structure, the policies used for women differ from that used in men. Men are given the chance to fight out with fellow men for the different representation position while women benefit from quota systems in which parties reserve special positions for them. The application of the principle of reservation and quota system has enabled women to represent the specific interest of their gender in the house. In Mala Htun article ‘is gender like ethnicity’, the idea behind the formation of group specific parties is evaluated. The author also looks at the dynamics involved in reserving seats using the quota system for women and the reservation of legislative seats for the minority groups (Htun 434). Different countries have different policies on representation and the use of reservation and quotas for special groups like women and ethnic minority. This system applies to all democratic situations whether completely religious like M uslim or catholic state, developed and developing countries among other identities. Most countries have legal requirements for this representation and this highlights the approach adopted by such countries when reserving different seats for its people. Countries that lack legal basis for reservation and quotas have different political arrangement, which allows for fair representation in parties and representative posts. The United States lacks a legal framework for representation of the minority or the women but uses a race conscious districting system that gives room for fair representation of all the races (Htun 434). In mature electoral democracies, states reserve special quotas within the political parties for women and legislative seats for the ethnic minority. The use of quotas and cleavages has been approached with a traditional perspective that fails to look at the implications and benefits of these representations. The author argues that the use of candidate quotas can only be significant within groups that have cross cutting interest while legislative reservation should be allocated to groups that have coinciding interests. Under the principle of use of quota for political party reservation, the law requires a specific number of slots to be left for women candidates during nomination. This is common in most democracies in which the law may require that a third of positions in all areas be reserved to women and that the ranking within these positions should alternate with men. The principle of quota system has significantly affected parties decisions and individuals picked to represent parties in certain districts (Dahlerup 214). The use of representation however affects the entire demography of an electoral system as it result into the creation of new electoral incentives and rules. These results into the creation of more than one set of electoral roll with special districts reserved for the minority groups. Under these principles, a party seeks to h ave a certain group of people who are subjected to a different set of conditions to be elected to the legislature (Htun 434). Strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments In this paper, the author attempts to highlight the differences between the types of presentations that border on the quota system and the representation within the legislature. Through this article, the author has critically highlighted the

Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream - Essay Example For instance, he starts his speech by saying, â€Å"One hundred year later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination† (Incomeexperts, 2012). In his speech, he also states a number of times on the way he dreams of for equality in the United States of America. King argues that â€Å"I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character† (Incomeexperts, 2012). Martin Luther King goes further to point produce documents, which he uses to emphasize his argument. In addition, he explains to his audience on how the Emancipation Proclamation document was a milestone in the wake of equality in the United States of America Negros. The then president, Abraham Lincoln, signed this document states, which set free the slaves in many states. These were among the first signs of the black minority getting their rights. He goes even further to mention about the United States Constitution to emphasize his point on how his dream his of equality could be realized. Through emphasize of many of his introductory words, king puts his audience in a position to remember what they heard about the speech. This is one of the characteristics of a good speech presentation; moreover, the voice of Martin Luther King is sophisticated. This is seen through his use of descriptive words with these words he gives his audience the view of how they are being treated and what he dreams about. Furthermore, he uses other descriptive styles like metaphors to give the audience a better understanding of his speech, for example he says, â€Å"America has given the Negro a bad check, which has come back marked insufficient funds† (Incomeexperts, 2012)   

The movie Amadeus Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Amadeus - Movie Review Example The perception of Salieri is characteristic of many people in the society who fails to understand that in some cases talent fail to go together with reputation. Due to the limited introduction in the first meeting in Archbishops palace Salieri relies on the offstage irrelevance symptoms in Mozart and feels that there is little that can come out of such a personality (Ebert 151-3).Their close interaction exposes the true picture of Salieri when Mozart stands out in composition and performance. The ability of Mozart significantly shakes the faith of Salieri as he senses danger of being displaced and losing the battle of musical supremacy to this new entrant. Salieri’s previous misconception was based on poor ability to distinguish between reputation and intrinsic talent. He failed to realize that God use people to express unique differences and when Mozart critiques and refine March of Welcome with immediate popularity Salieri are surprised. It is evident from the film that Salieri was a devoted God fearing man who hinged his entire dreams of hitting the heights of music through serving in the court. It seems he arrived before Mozart and remained the shining start before his skills are overtaken with the arrival of his perceived competitor. Since Salieri was previously the finest composer in the court for the emperor, he held the title of "brightest star" in Viennas musical life (Ebert 151-3). By occupying a central place in the heart of the emperor as far as his musical talent was concerned, Salieri could not imagine of getting challenged until Mozart arrived. The discontent of Salieri in his ability is seen from Mozart’s emergence to redo the composition of Salieri and turn it into what becomes the Non pià ¹ andrai which touches even the attention of Salieri’s own wife. Imagining of how God is using Mozart to produce a refined set piece in music drives Salieri jealous and overlooks the praises he had got from the emperor. The

The Antiquity of the Han Dynasty Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Antiquity of the Han Dynasty - Term Paper Example They adopted legalism for the strength of their ruler ship and to set the rules and regulations while on the other hand Confucianism was meant to be followed by common people because of the importance of morals and the guidance towards achieving the moralistic rewards and satisfaction. Han dynasty aimed strongly towards achieving a direct control of people by the state. The set of rules and regulations meant for the people of the early imperial China to follow were clearly directed towards achieving a unified nation. China flourished economically right after the supremacy of Wu Ti who was a renowned militant successful in the expansion of borders into Vietnam and Korea. This was a huge step towards an increase of population in order to colonize the entire area. The economic expansion assisted immensely in producing a proper platform for the trade opportunities that came their way and this platform was named as the 'Silk road' that helped the traders to channel their line of work and Silk in particular was sold through this route. Along with the economic development, agriculture increased on an apparent high scale and irrigational systems were introduced to increase the development within the Northern areas in China. The education sector also developed during the Han period because of a new honorable class of gentry that was introduced. With education came a stack of informative encyclopedias to assist the Chinese youth to strengthen themselves academically. The best among these encyclopedias was that of the 'Book of the mountains and seas' that comprises of everything from geography to the natural world and philosophy. One of China's greatest historians was Sima Qian, who was the author of the 'Records of the historian (Shiji)' that became China's first ever attempt to properly compile the events from their antiquity. The Han dynasty is believed of having two distinct ruler ships; the first one was that of the Chinese with the other one ruled by a member of the previous Han dynasty who declared that he was responsible for the restoration of the Han dynasty. The original Han rule according to him was sabotaged because of the power gained by the rich people. The second dynasty however, enjoyed mu ch of success with the foreign policies that they adopted. The opponent of the Han dynasty eventually tried to create a huge empire while including the entire Turkistan after which Turkistan was conquered by Chinese instantly. China suffered immensely economically and politically in the form of trade discrepancies after the span of struggle in Turkistan. This period massively highlights the movement by the Yellow turbans and China emerged as a unified nation once again but the defeat of the yellow turbans did not unify them on a single ground but instead three kingdoms emerged and the Han dynasty came to an end. The artifacts of the Han dynasty: The antiquity of the remarkable Han dynasty has been preserved in the silhouette of many artifacts which unveils the way they perceived the world and the philosophy behind their great minds. The artifacts are mostly in the form of shrines, steles and sculptures which portrays their notable aesthetic sense and the artistic excellence that they possessed. A pair of stone felines: This is a stone sculpture that well preserves the historic culture of China and presents a pair of a male and a female stone lion which was

Organisational Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Assignment Example pre-entry and post-entry individual-level criteria. This paper contains information collected from a series of published articles, presentations from different conferences, working papers and dissertation projects. Unpublished works and in-press research works are also a part of data collection for this paper. Strengths The meta-analysis is conducted after considering a large collection of resources and keeping aside certain aspects of the variables as exclusions. One can find noteworthy heterogeneity in the process of conceptualizing and measuring the fit. This comes from a thorough understanding of the fit’s impact on individual level outcomes. In the later part of this paper, an underlying principle, drawn from the existing theories, has been provided for the conceptual and methodological issues. It is expected that these issues would moderate the relationships between fit-outcome. The meta analyses, the criteria and moderator analyses for the four kinds of fit are represen ted in a well structured tabular form. This makes it easy to study the outcomes and make a comparison among the results. Weaknesses This paper is a qualitative review of literature existing on person-interaction fit. However, the relationships cannot be flawlessly captured by running polynomial regression. Besides, in metadata analysis measurement errors remain due to lack of reliability of measurement of fits. The paper does not contain any first hand data or primary research. Nor does it contain any raw data collected and analyzed. It is rather a survey of literatures and quantification of the information gathered. Above all methodological flaws do exist in the studies considered. For instance, the reliabilities for the variables were not reported and not corrected for measurement error. Again, polynomial regression does not support fit analysis at times. Practically no research has been conducted on validation of multidimensional approaches. Suggestions for improvement Criteria l eading to the results of the meta analysis are found to have been predicted by the different sorts of relationships in person-environment interaction. These relationships are subject to change with continuous flow of modernization. Thus these relationships would not adhere to the symmetrical notions of good fit. Hence this research can be revisited after exploring the individuals’ cognitive schemas. More attention could be focused on other dimensions of fit which are unexplored. This could include the different types of PG and PS fit along with the types of PO fit. The idea of taking fit as a dependent variable also needs to be reconsidered. Knowledge sharing, organizational climate, and innovative behavior: cross-level analysis of effects Yu, Yu and Yu (2013) have presented their paper titled â€Å"Knowledge sharing, organizational climate, and innovative behavior: cross-level analysis of effects† with the purpose of investigating behavior of employees, interaction am ong the employees and their level of knowledge and the climate of innovation in the organization. Primary research has been conducted for the methodology of research. Through the study, it has been discovered that there is a positive a positive relationship between the climate of organizational behavior and innovative behavior. There were two levels of instrument for the collection

Understanding Cultural, Ethnic and Gender Differences by Managers and Professions Essay Example for Free

Understanding Cultural, Ethnic and Gender Differences by Managers and Professions Essay It is nearly impossible to have a successful business without considering the important aspect of the cultural, ethnic and gender differences among the employees. Culture refers to a set of beliefs that a certain group of people have in common. In at least every working environment, it is more than obvious to have people having different cultures, ethnicities, and of course different genders (Carlozzi, 2004). In order to ensure that people work together and efficiently, it is highly advisable for the managers and professionals to understand these diverse cultures (Carlozzi, 2004). Most countries have different cultures, and it is possible that in any given working environment, there are many cultures that exist. It is therefore an apparent fact that there is a need in the understanding of cultural, ethnic and gender differences to ensure success in businesses. Understanding cultural and ethnic differences at workplace can be termed as cultural diversity and not biasness as may be conceived by other critics. Cultural diversity encompasses race, gender, ethnic group, age, education and background among others. Understanding cultural and ethnic differences does not only involve how people perceive themselves, but how they perceive others. What results is that those perceptions affect the way they interact with each other at the work place (Carlozzi, 2004). For many employees to perform effectively in an organization, managers and professionals in human resource need to deal effectively with issues related to communication and adaptability and change (Carlozzi, 2004). Communication is the most basic concept of success in any business environment. If it is not properly fostered by the managers to their employees, the success of the business may be at stake. This implies that the managers and human resource professionals, should take the initiative to understand the cultural values and ethnic differences so as to know how well to approach issues with the employees without collusion. From the look of things, the issue of understanding cultural differences is likely to increase significantly in the coming years. Managers and professionals in all those businesses that have succeeded have come to see the need in building an understanding of cultural differences in the work place. They are ready to spend even resources, if needs be, to manage cultural diversity. It is very beneficial in many ways, and most importantly, they help to create an understanding in the working environment. A business entity’s success and competitiveness depends upon its capability to understand different cultures and ethnicities and realize the benefits involved. If a business organization actively assesses its handling of workplace diversity issues, and develops and implements diversity plans, multiple benefits can be realized (Carlozzi, 2004). One benefit is the increased adaptability of one another. Getting used to each other in a business environment is very vital in the success of the business. There will be free flow of information because people will be free to each other, and with perfect communication, issues will be approached in a friendly manner. Business organizations that embrace cultural diversity have the capacity to supply a greater variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of resources. Employees from different backgrounds bring individual talents and expertise in suggesting of ideas that are flexible in adapting to fluctuating markets and the demands of the customers. With understanding of cultural differences and ethnicities, the business organization will have a broader service range, in terns of business delivery. The presence of different cultures in a business implies that there is a collection of skills and experiences in that particular business. This allows the enterprise to provide a service to customers on global basis. The managers and professionals in human resource department will give positions to employees with regards to capacities (Carlozzi, 2004). After understanding each individual’s culture, they will know where and on what field someone is good at. This will make the business succeed because an employee will be given a position where he or she is likely to perform best. This will also reduce job burnouts which greatly lower the performance of employees. The understanding of the cultural, ethnic and gender differences will enable managers to understand different view points that their employees possess. Different cultures in the work place possess different ideas, skills and experiences. In decision making process, different ideas will be suggested which will obviously find a solution to the problem at hand. This will only be achieved if there is cultural, gender and ethnic understanding by the managers. It will be better and most comfortable to communicate varying points of view as it will provide a large pool of ideas and experiences (Carlozzi, 2004). The business organization can now draw from that pool to meet the needs of its customers more effectively. In conclusion, it is wise to say that promoting cultural, ethnic and gender sensitivity in a business setting does not really mean promoting biasness in the business scenario as most people may try to argue. Instead, this clear understanding will take into account variations in the interactions of each employee to facilitate cooperation and communication in the business. Understanding the employees and trying to exploit their different potentials is a practice that can really benefit the business to grow to prosperity.

Juvenile offenders should be tried and punished as adults

Juvenile offenders should be tried and punished as adults A youth say 13, boy or girl, acquires a gun and shoots another youth who has been harassing them. There is no doubt they should receive some sort of punishment for their actions. However, should they receive this punishment through the Juvenile Courts or Criminal Courts? This is the question, which has no real definitive answer. However, this paper will attempt to address some important issued concerning this matter. Studies have shown that juvenile crime was on the raise during the beginning of the 1990s. During the late 1990s and into the early part of the new century these crimes have fallen slightly. However, where these crimes the same type of crimes as juveniles committed before? No these crimes have become more violent in nature due to the change in the world we live in. Therefore, in conducting research into this matter it came to show the age of the individual should not be a determining factor but the crime committed. Juveniles today commit more serious crimes than before; thus requiring them to be tried and punished as adults because of the nature of the crime, violence involved, and types of crimes. Now in dealing with the crimes being committed we cannot discuss this without first getting over a major hurdle, being age. This is the most discussed portion of any argument when dealing with juveniles and crime. At what age does a child have the ability to commit a crime? Under the common law, which all laws in the United States originated, states that a child could not commit a crime if the defense was able to prove infancy. Infancy or in other words immaturity was the guide and concluded a child could not commit an adult offense. However, what is this age and when does it or did it change? Well in order to answer these questions, we must look into our past. Children for many years were more property then identified as person. If a child did something wrong it was legal for a father to take his life. Now as time went on things changed and so did life. Progress was moving forward and children advanced along with the rest of humanity. This is evident today in that children today do things we could only dream of doing at their age. In considering this at what age, does a child show a difference between diminished responsibility and bad decision? Children today have advanced socially due to modern technology such as television, movies, and games. The time when a child killed someone but because he/she did not understand a gun with bullets can harm is no longer. Now they can still make a bad decision but at the same time adults make bad decisions and are held responsible so why not those children who do the same thing? Legislation in each state addressed this issue. The State of Arizona for example has no age limit for transferring a juvenile to criminal court. Arizona uses a variety of provisions in order to deal with juvenile crime. These include judicial wavier laws like discretionary and presumptive. In addition, procedures for dealing concurrent jurisdiction, statutory exclusion, reverse wavier and once an adult always an adult. The next part in dealing with age is the use of term delinquency as it pertains to juvenile crime. Before continuing, you must understand when dealing with juvenile crimes the term delinquency is a part of the actions involved. All juveniles who process through the Juvenile Court system obtain the label as delinquent. However, there are two types of delinquency, first are the illegal acts whether committed by an adult or juvenile. Second are status offenses, which only juveniles commit. These status offenses are those such as curfew violations, truancy, and running away from home. These acts, though they concern us, may only come into consideration when deciding to transfer a juvenile to criminal court, but are not tried themselves in criminal court. The illegal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, and so on are the crimes in which juveniles are transfer to criminal court. These crimes are the ones in which juveniles today are committing but until recently where tried in Juvenile court. In many cases, delinquency determines if a juvenile who has committed minor offenses, then commi ts a felony crime requires transferred. Under some current legislation once, a juvenile commits a felony crime they automatically are delinquent and transferred to criminal court. What is the nature of the crimes that would constitute a juvenile being transferred to criminal court? The nature of the crimes committed by juveniles has changed over the years. For example, if a juvenile took someones car without permission it was more of a prank referred to as joyriding. Today taking of the same car would be theft. Since most uses of stolen cars is for the furtherance of committing other crimes. This is just a simple example but it sets the stage for how the juvenile justice system had to evolve in order to keep up with the crimes being committed. The focus of the juvenile courts was rehabilitation of the offenders without attaching a permanent criminal record. Believing that all children had no knowledge or responsibility of the actions they committed. This relates back to the argument about age and crimes committed by juveniles. Until the 1990s juveniles, committing crimes rarely saw their case transferred to criminal court. This changed when juveniles began committing more and more adult crimes and the thought changed concerning the nature of crime as it pertain s to juveniles. Therefore, legislation adjusted the focus of the juvenile justices system correcting the nature of the crime to be the same between adults and juveniles. Juveniles who committed felony crimes were now responsible for those crimes and received the same legal process as adults. This in itself was a major change from that of the juvenile courts. Under the provisions of juvenile courts, an offender did not have any constitutional rights. In criminal court, these juveniles now received the same protections under the constitution. Now that the nature of crime changed to meet the needs of the justice system, the violence used became a concern. In the early years of the juvenile justice system, there was violence involved with certain crimes committed. However, the violence pertained more to assault and battery. As time progressed so did the juvenile criminals. Now longer were the crimes just involving assault but weapons, particularly guns became involved. Increasing the violence used while committing crimes. This also led to the increase of fear in the public concerning juvenile criminal activity. As far as weapons are concerned, the use of a gun in violent assaults exceeds that of other weapons. The juvenile offender no longer needs to be within arms range to commit crimes. The use of a gun provided for an increase in murders and attempted murders committed by juveniles. Furthermore, technology today overwhelmed juveniles with images justifying gun violence. We cannot change the advancement of technology but it should be of concern to us. The problems of being a juvenile today also influenced juvenile violence. Juveniles carrying guns to school and using them helped fuel the thought of transferring cases to criminal court. Now not all crimes committed by juveniles with the use of weapons have received transfers to criminal court. The use of a gun, which is violent, was the center point of a case in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. In this case, a juvenile found and began playing with a gun; even though he removed the magazine; he did not know the gun was still loaded. He pointed the gun at a friend and killed her. This case remained in juvenile court and the offender received a sentence of one year in jail. So what is the difference between this and a juvenile who uses a gun in a drive by shooting? The amount of violence is the same. The difference is the intent involved. This again brings up the issue of age and knowledge of the crime being committed. Juveniles who use violence during the commission of a crime know what they are doing and need to be accountable for them. Now with these changes in the n ature of crime and violence, the need to discuss the legislative statutes involved with transferring cases to criminal court. The association between psychopathic characteristics and the severity of the crime has been investigated in two studies. Brandt et al. (1997) found a correlation between the 18-itemPCL-R Total and Factor 1 scores and crime severity. Gretton, McBride, Lewis, OShaughnessy, and Hare (1994) reported that adolescent sex offenders with high PCL:YV scores threatened their victims more and used more server violence during their sexually assaultive acts then did nonpsychopathic sexual offenders. (Gacono, 2000) When dealing with juveniles and the current procedures of transferring them to criminal court, one must consider the types of crimes, which brought this about. Instead, more selective strategies seem warranted in which only the most violent youth (e.g., those employing firearms and chronic violent offenders) are targeted for criminal court processing. (Myers,D. Young, M. 2005) The seriousness of a felony crime and the fact they are being committed by juveniles lead to a fear in the public. Whether this fear is real or imagined is not the issue. The fact that juveniles are killing causes concern to many. Now the origins of the juvenile courts came about to deal with the problems of juveniles committing petty crimes and status offenses. Since that, time society has changed and life has changed. Juveniles today are involved in criminal activity that before was considered only done by adults. The violent activity of gangs increased with drug activities beginning in the early 1990 has al so supported these fears. These issues met with an outcry from the public to get control of the activities of these juvenile criminals and protect the public. As stated before Arizona has several methods for dealing with juvenile criminals. At the top level is the fact Arizona has no age limit for which the transfer of a juvenile case to criminal court. Therefore, upon the determination of the district attorney, the decision to transfer the case to criminal court can occur to any juvenile even at the age of 10. The state also has other means authorized by legislation concerning the transfer of cases. Arizona has Judicial Wavier, which contains two components. The first is discretionary, which allows for the use of discretion when determining if prosecutor transfers a case. The next is presumptive, which is when age, crime and statutory requires make transfer the mean but allows the offender to show proof that the case should not transfer. Then there is concurrent jurisdiction where the prosecutor can proceed in juvenile or criminal court as they both have authority. Statutory exclusion is for certain categories of juvenile offenders and the decision is solely with prosecutor. Then there is reverse wavier, which allows the criminal court to send the case back to juvenile court of action. Also Arizona has the once an adult/always an adult, which means once a juvenile has processed as an adult in criminal court he/she will always be processed in criminal court. Now with an understanding of how cases transfer to criminal court, we need to look at the crimes juveniles commit. Criminal statutes vary from state to state. Juvenile delinquency is a violation of state or federal law or municipal ordinance by a minor that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime. (Roberts, A. 2004b) However, under every state statute the crimes, which are felony crimes, remain the same. Crimes such as murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, are just some of the crimes. A felony crime is one in which the offender can receive one year or more in prison. Nationally the numbers of juveniles arrested for felony crimes began to increase and in most statics peaked in the mid 1990s. Even though there was a drop since that time, the numbers concerning violent crimes are still alarming. The Federal Bureau of Investigations is responsible for tracking crime statistics. Now in dealing with statistics you must take it with a grain of salt. Writers use Statistics to sway our opinions for one purpose or another. However, in taking the information just as shown, you can make you own decision. The information between 1999 and 2008 showed drops in murder/manslaughter, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and violent crime. These numbers were significant as they showed decreases above 10 percent in all but two categories. (Extract from Crime in the United States 2008.) However, those same statistics when taken in a smaller year span show much different results. Between 2004 and 2008, those same crimes showed increases in murder/manslaughter, robbery, burglary, larceny, and violent crime. All these crimes listed are felony crimes across the country. These types of crimes are which the changes in law and attitude prompted transferring juveniles to criminal court. Now is there a correlation between the reduction in some crimes and the punishments received by offenders? This is a good question, since statistics relating to crimes committed by juveniles is non-existent or of no value. However, one can conclude that the decrease can result from more juveniles incarcerated. However, there are studies, which indicate that juveniles transferred to criminal court receive less punishment, then those retained in juvenile courts. Whatever the case maybe these types of crimes are of concern throughout the public and treating these offenders as adults was a neces sary requirement. This with the other factors justified the transferring juvenile criminals to criminal courts. Age of a juvenile came into consideration when determining whether they were able to commit a felony crime. This is not the case anymore as we progressed through the years so have the juveniles. Where there was a belief they could not understand what they were doing, they now know fully their actions. Delinquent juveniles have shown there inability to respond to rehabilitation and therefore need to receive more appropriate punishments. The natures of the crimes committed by juveniles now no longer perceived to be acts of immaturity but the criminal acts they are. Juveniles can and do understand their acts and those who commit criminal activity with knowing intent should receive the same treatment as adult. There are legislative statutes to control the transfer of juveniles to criminal court. Even though they are not perfect they due provide for constitutional guaranties and only transfer those who require appropriate treatment. . There is no end in sight for the types of crimes being committed. We cannot go back in time therefore we need to treat those juvenile criminals as such and stop the glorification of committing these crimes. Reference Page Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders. A Century of Juvenile Justice. (2002) Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 206, 226-229. Griffin, P., Szymanski, L., Torbet, P.(1998) Trying Juveniles As Adults in Criminal Courts: An Analysis of State Transfer Provisions. New York: Diane Pub Co.. Gacono, C. (2000). The Clinical and forensic assessment of psychopathy: a practitioners guide. Mahwah, NJ . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.. Myers, D., Young, M. (2005) How Should the Criminal Justice System Treat Juvenile Offenders?. Opposing Viewpoints Series Juvenile Crime (hardcover edition). 1 ed. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press, 95-110. Roberts, A. (2004a) Juvenile Justice Policy. Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past Present and Future, Edition: 3. New York: Oxford Univpr, 49-51 and 56-60. Roberts, A. (2004b) Juvenile Court. Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past Present and Future, Edition: 3. New York: Oxford Univpr, 252-257. Roberts, A. (2004c) An Overview of Juvenile and Juvenile Delinquency. Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past Present and Future, Edition: 3. New York: Oxford Univpr, 10,11,13,15,19,20,21. Scott, E.S., Steinberg, L.(2008). Why Crime is Different?. Rethinking Juvenile Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 94-99. Snyder, Howard N..(2000) Juvenile transfers to criminal court in the 1990s : lessons learned from four studies : summary (SuDoc J 32.20:J 98). Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept Of Justice, Office Of Justice Programs, Office Of Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention. The Changing Faces of Juvenile Justice (Monographs of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch). (1978) 1st, Date Same on Title Copyright Page ed. New York City: New York University Press. Zimring, F.E..(2005) A Rational For American Juvenile Justice. American Juvenile Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 56-62. Crime in the United States 2008. FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web 13 July 2010. Snyder, H., Sickmund, M., Poe-Yamagata, E. (2000) Juvenile Transfers to Criminal Court in the 1990s: Lessons Learned From Four States. National Center for Juvenile Justice: Pittsburg, PA. Griffin, P. (2008) Different from Adults: An Updated Analysis of Juvenile Transfer and Blending Sentencing Laws, With Recommendations for Reform. National Center for Juvenile Justice: Pittsburg, PA Griffin, P. (2003) Trying and Sentencing Juveniles as Adults: An Analysis of State Transfer and Blending Sentencing Laws. National Center for Juvenile Justice: Pittsburg, PA

Tower of Hanoi Solutions

Tower of Hanoi Solutions Introduction The Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle popularized in 1883 by Edouard Lucas, a French scientist famous for his study of the Fibonacci sequence. However, this puzzles roots are from an ancient legend of a Hindu temple. The legend states that there is a secret room in a hidden temple that contains three large pegs. One of these poles has 64 golden disks stacked upon it, each disk being smaller then the disk underneath it, with the biggest disk at the bottom. Since the beginning of time, monks have been trying to shift the 64 disks onto the third peg. The monks also can only transfer the disks if the following rules are followed. First, the monks can only move one disk at a time, and second, they cannot put larger disks on top of smaller disks. Once all 64 disks are shifted to the third peg, the world will end. After encountering this puzzle (in a simpler form) at a science fair a couple years ago and seeing it occasionally even today in an engineering classroom environment, I decided that this was the perfect opportunity to examine this puzzle at a deeper level. (A basic rendition of a 3 disk tower)   Ã‚   Aim My aim is to explore the different patterns that lead to the answer to the legend: how much time would it take for the world to end? Finding an Optimal Strategy In order to get closer to solving this puzzle, the goal will be to find the most efficient way to get 64 disks onto the third peg. To better grasp the mathematical concepts and patterns when solving the tower, it would be easier to look at a simpler version of the puzzle, such as the following 3 disk example. Binary Code (Standard Gray Code) We can relate the pattern seen above to binary code, specifically Standard Gray Code. Standard Gray Code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one (binary) digit. Using this method may bring us closer to being able to solve the 64 disk tower. If we relate the example in Figure 1 with Standard Gray Code, using 3 binary digits, we are left with something like this: 000 Step 1 001 Step 2 011 Step 3 010 Step 4 110 Step 5 111 Step 6 101 Step 7 100 Step 8 For example, Step 1 is shown by the three digits 000. The next step is 001, changing the digit that corresponds with the smallest disk, which means disk 1 is the first disk to move in the solution. And to continue, Step 2 is 011, showing that now the middle (second) disk is being moved. This method could lead us to the solution of a 64 disk tower, as it would show which disk to move; however, the flaw in this method is that even though the binary digits can show which disk has moved, it does not show where to move it. There are always two possibilities for each disk, and when we factor in the 64 other disks, the calculations get extremely tedious and suboptimal as a solution. Recursive Pattern The next viable solution is finding a recursive pattern to determine how many moves it would take to solve the puzzle, depending on the number of disks. A recursive pattern uses information from the previous step to find the next. In order to move n amount of disks from peg 1 to peg 3, we can again refer to Figure 1. The first step is transferring n-1 disks from peg 1 to peg 3. We assign a variable to the number of moves this takes, in this case, M. Next, transfer the middle disk to peg 2 (step 3) and finally, transfer the remaining disks from peg 3 to peg 2 (step 4). When you move n amount of disks to any peg, the number of moves will be the same, no matter which direction you choose to go. From this, we can find an equation to finding the moves needed for any number of disks:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2M + 1, where M equals the number of moves needed to transfer n-1 disks from peg 1 to peg 2. This brings up another flaw to the problem. In order to find how many moves needed to transfer 64 disks, we also need to calculate the number of moves for 63, 62, 61, etc amount of disks as well. Because of this, the recursive pattern cannot be used to find the time it takes before the world ends. However, what the recursive pattern can do is generate numbers that lead into a non recursive pattern. # of Disks # of Moves 2M + 1 1 1 2(0) + 1 = 1 2 3 2(1) + 1 = 3 3 7 2(3) + 1 = 7 4 15 2(7) + 1 = 15 5 31 2(15) + 1 = 31 From Table 2, we can see that the third column represents a geometric progression that can help us find a formula for a non-recursive pattern. Non-Recursive Pattern (Explicit Pattern) When looking back at Table 2, there is a direct correlation that can be made from the number of disks and the number of moves. Recognizing that there is a geometric progression, one could infer the pattern that is being used though the power of two. # of Disks # of Moves 1 21 1 = 1 2 22 1 = 3 3 23 1 = 7 4 24 1 =15 5 25 1 =31 Therefore the function to find the number of steps with any number of disks would be 2n 1, with n being the # of disks. Just to further prove that 2n 1 is the correct function, we can graph 2n 1 and compare to the number of disks and moves in Table 2. It completely fits the data points, confirming the relation between the points and the function. Now we can just plug in the function: 264 1 = 590,000,000,000 years Conclusion In order to move 64 disks from the first peg to the third, the monks would need over 590 billion years, assuming that they can move one disk per second. The function 2n 1 was found by recognizing the geometric progressions in the recursive formula and using it in an explicit pattern. This function can be used to find the most optimal number of moves it would take to move any number of disks to the third peg. Bibliography Bogomolny, Alexander. Tower of Hanoi. Tower of Hanoi. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2017. . Johnson, P. Sam, Recurrence Relations And Their Solutions (Problem : Tower Of Hanoi), 2015 December 26, and 1/1. Information on Subsets of a Set. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2017. . Longman, Addison Wesley. Millers Mathematical Ideas, 9th Edition Web Site Chapter 4 Internet Project. Millers Mathematical Ideas, 9th Edition Web Site Chapter 4 Internet Project. Pearson Education, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2017. Math, Dr. Ask Dr. Math FAQ: Tower of Hanoi. Mathforum.org. Drexel University, n.d.  Ã‚   Web. 3 Mar. 2017.

tulips by slvia plath :: essays research papers

â€Å"Tulips†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem â€Å"Tulips† written by Sylvia Plath is a poem that uses extremely vivid language and detail. The poem is called â€Å"Tulips†, although tulips play a minor role in the poem. This poem is more about the observation of tulips then it is about actual tulips. At one point it almost feels as if she is jealous of the â€Å"Tulips†. She writes in the first person and has a very original structure. The poem is a easy read but intriguing at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This poem is about a person whom might have been injured in a battle of some kind or a war. The setting is a hospital. Plath leaves many details to the imagination but the setting is concrete. This poem is written in the first person. I believe Plath might take on an alternate identity in order to write this poem. The speaker in this poem seems to be depressed. Depressed about her life, her family, and her situation in this hospital. Visible from â€Å" the green plastic–pillowed trolley† that she lays on are, red tulips.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plath writes in seven line stanzas. She uses a unique rhyme scheme that changes from in each stanza. Occasionally she isolates one line in order to annunciate its meaning. She also uses enjambment to help stress the meaning of certain lines. Plath also like to use metaphor and simile in her poem. Lines nine and ten she uses simile when she writes, â€Å"Like an eye between two white lids that will not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in†. She is stationary in her bed and almost doesn’t want to see everything anymore but she cannot hide what is going on around her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tulips in this poem play a unique role. It is as if she is jealous of the tulips. She makes the reader understand that the tulips are so red that they automatically draw attention. Earlier in the poem she speaks of how no one notices her. She compared herself to a â€Å"pebble† and speaks of how the nurses tend over her. Not that she is being neglected but that she is part of there routine. It is as if they have to tend to her not as if they want to. She is bothered that everyday no one notices her except for today when the tulips are present. tulips by slvia plath :: essays research papers â€Å"Tulips†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The poem â€Å"Tulips† written by Sylvia Plath is a poem that uses extremely vivid language and detail. The poem is called â€Å"Tulips†, although tulips play a minor role in the poem. This poem is more about the observation of tulips then it is about actual tulips. At one point it almost feels as if she is jealous of the â€Å"Tulips†. She writes in the first person and has a very original structure. The poem is a easy read but intriguing at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This poem is about a person whom might have been injured in a battle of some kind or a war. The setting is a hospital. Plath leaves many details to the imagination but the setting is concrete. This poem is written in the first person. I believe Plath might take on an alternate identity in order to write this poem. The speaker in this poem seems to be depressed. Depressed about her life, her family, and her situation in this hospital. Visible from â€Å" the green plastic–pillowed trolley† that she lays on are, red tulips.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plath writes in seven line stanzas. She uses a unique rhyme scheme that changes from in each stanza. Occasionally she isolates one line in order to annunciate its meaning. She also uses enjambment to help stress the meaning of certain lines. Plath also like to use metaphor and simile in her poem. Lines nine and ten she uses simile when she writes, â€Å"Like an eye between two white lids that will not shut. Stupid pupil, it has to take everything in†. She is stationary in her bed and almost doesn’t want to see everything anymore but she cannot hide what is going on around her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Tulips in this poem play a unique role. It is as if she is jealous of the tulips. She makes the reader understand that the tulips are so red that they automatically draw attention. Earlier in the poem she speaks of how no one notices her. She compared herself to a â€Å"pebble† and speaks of how the nurses tend over her. Not that she is being neglected but that she is part of there routine. It is as if they have to tend to her not as if they want to. She is bothered that everyday no one notices her except for today when the tulips are present.

Animal behavior :: essays research papers

The study of animal behavior is Ethology. A large part of the studies have been conducted by Lonrenz and Niko Tinbergen who wanted to find out how animals saw the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, fishes. The male will protect its territory. They will become aggressive when they see the red belly of another fish. This reaction is innate or instinctive, it is automatic. An experiment was performed by placing a large red sheet of paper in the tank. This made the male fish aggressive. This aggressiveness is what will make the male more â€Å"fit† in order provide more sperm to the females. The red was the releaser/sign stimuli in this case.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you take a chick for example, its mother will respond to sound instead of sight. When a chick is distressed and is placed in a sound proof container, the mother will not respond. However, when there is a physical barrier but not sound proof, the mother will respond to the chick’s cries. The releaser/sign stimulus is sound in this case. A bee will never see a white flower but instead it will see the â€Å"target’, which is the pollen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pheromones are not hormones. They are chemicals that are released outside of the animal, and have a scent that will give an effect. Therefore, pheromones can also be releaser/sign stimuli as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a gull has captured a plentiful supply of fish in its neck, the baby will peck at its mother so the fish will be released for them to feed on. The baby gulls will respond to the back and forth swinging and the red dot on the mother’s beak.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a releaser leads directly to behavior it is called a fix-action pattern. If an egg rolls out of a nest the mother will immediately try and recollect it. But if the egg is taken away the mother will still do it. This shows that once the switch is turned on it will continue. Fix action patterns can be learned by humans, and will soon become autonomic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually hormones and timing will motivate animals and drive their behavior; timing through biological clocks, the animals circadium rhythms (approx 24hrs). This circadium rhythm may be altered by changing the animal’s environment. If a squirrel is put into the dark and exposed to artificial light, its cycle may shift. Each cell has a biological clock, which means each organ as well as the individual animal has one.

The Use of Metaphors, Repetition of Words and Biblical References in Obama’s Speech of Inauguration Based on “Analyzing Political Discourses” Theory and Practice by Paul Chilton

The use of metaphors, repetition of words and biblical references in Obama’s speech of inauguration based on â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourses† Theory and Practice by Paul Chilton Number of Words: 2589 Introduction: Political discourses are made to impress, persuade and to underline ideas to change a country. Politicians use specialized writers to write for them their discourses or use a lot of time to write one, as political discourses are important for the future outcome. For example: To be voted by the people or explain bad situation on an adequate way so that the people don’t offended.To achieve this goal, several methods are used. But in this essay I will focus on metaphors, the repetition of specified words and the use of Biblical references, using methods given by Paul Chilton in his book â€Å"Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice†. As experimental territory I used the inaugural speech of Barrack Obama, which he used for his first c andidature to become the president of the United States of America. The Speech by Barrack Obama can be found in the Appendix. My goal is not only to see what and how he used the methods but also what goal he tried to achieve.It is important to have some background information and what the people thought of him. As for America and other parts in the world, Obama stands for a new ideology, he promises America better healthcare, the end of the War and solutions to many problems, always emphasizing that this goal can only achieved as a team/nation but does he succeed to give us this image? What tricks did he use? What is a metaphor? Metaphors are used in political discourses to replace words that the audience doesn’t want to hear or could react badly. But what is a metaphor?In literary use, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin rhetorical trope)[1] is defined as an indirect comparison between two or more subjects that are typically linked by a â€Å"is a† to join the two subjects. As an example we can take following sentence: † This Man is a beast â€Å". This is an elliptical form to emphasize the sentence that the Man is like a beast. Paul Chilton is the opinion that, Metaphors, qua models of political realities, as he calls them, are part of political discourses of today and used as vehicles to bring an opinion to a target. [2] We realize now that all of us speak in metaphors whether we realize it or not.For example Mark Johnson, a philosopher, suggests that metaphors not only make our thoughts more vivid and interesting but that they actually structure and individualize our perceptions and understanding such that each person has a different understanding and thoughts about a common subject. [3] Metaphor is for many people a device of poetic and rhetorical imagination and development rather than the ordinary language, which is wrong as proven above. Metaphor analysis in Barrack Obama’s Speech: In the following points I will reveal s everal metaphors Obama used and will try to reveal why he used them.But also the Biblical references used as a metaphor, or as a bridge to transfer his Ideas. 1. CHANGE IS A MOVEMENT Citation out of the Speech: 1) â€Å"Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. â€Å" 2) â€Å"The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works – whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. †In the first citation â€Å"rising tides† and â€Å"still waters† are used as source domains, whereas the target domain is the word â€Å"prosperity† and â€Å"peace†. As it can be seen in the phrases: â€Å"rising tides of prosperity† and â€Å"the still waters of peace† here, the movement is a change of location (rising) or a stationary moment (still). If it involves a movement as change of location, it can be associated with the words: forward, backward, upward, downward, etc†¦ so different directions and movements. The â€Å"rising tide of prosperity† can be seen as a state of prosperity that has moved and is changing, while peace has still not changed.This movement of which Obama is talking about can also be seen as a: flow of natural force (â€Å"the rising tides†) and substance (â€Å"still waters†). In the metaphorical expression in citation 2) the part which acts as source is the phrase â€Å"We intend to move forward† and â€Å"programs will end† where Obama is talking about the ideas of the US-government to provide jobs and a better social warranty. [4] In both metaphorical expressions, I think Obama wants to tell us that all presidents of America had taken the presidenti al oath to develop America.All of their effort had the aim of raising economic development and prosperity and that all of these can only be achieved as a nation with a strong political support from the people. So, the â€Å"WE† as a nation, which he uses a lot in his speeches. 2. POLITIC IS A JOURNEY 1) This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. 2) Our journey has never been one of short cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted – for those who prefer leisure to work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things – some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, which have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. In the metaphorical expression of the first citation the part which acts as a source domain is the phrase: â€Å"This is the journey we continue todayâ €  whereas the focus of the citation is the American Political life. By saying the sentence â€Å"This is the journey we continue today† gave me the impression that the American people are compared to travelers having a journey to a certain destination.Even though we know that politics is no journey as such but can be seen as such in a metaphorical way. In the metaphorical expression of the second citation the part that interacts as source is the phrase â€Å"Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted† whereas the target is also the American political life, like in the first citation with another connotation but keeping the idea of a journey in mind. We can see that in both citations have the same idea of a journey which is given to the audience.The idea behind is that the audiences who are involved in political life are like travelers on a journey, with their common need in life seen as the goal of this journey. The political activities and relation is their vehicle used to reach the goal of common interest. [5] 3. BIBLICAL REFERANCES AS A LIFESTYLE The citations I used here are taken again in a separate chapter using the theoretical rapprochement given by Paul Chilton in part III chapter 10. 1)â€Å"We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. † 2) â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind.It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. Love never fails. † In the 1st citation the source domain given is the phrase â€Å"time has come to set aside childish things† where he targets the lifestyle of the Americans. It gives the impression that the fights they had about poli tical problems are childish and that they should focus to strive a common goal.In the second citation he uses the same idea, again using a citation out of a religious text using as source domain â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking† like before the target is the lifestyle of the Americans which Obama criticizes. It is clear that through these citations Obama tries to reason the population quoting biblical references. Comparing America with childhood and telling them that through love only, again the idea of working together, all goals can be achieved.I wont go deeper into this comparison as I will come back to it later on in the text. Frequency of words: To see what words Obama used in his speech frequently and how many times we had to know how many words are in his whole speech, which lies around 2403 words. As such I was able to give the percentage of the most used words. The word O bama laid the most emphasizes is â€Å"WE† which he used 62 times, which can be understood as his speech is about working together as a nation and is also a word used in his slogan: â€Å"Yes WE can†. Other words he used frequently are:[6] KeywordRepeatsDensity Nation 12 0,50 New 11 0,46America 9 0,37 Today 7 0,29 People 7 0,29 The repetition of these words sticks with the listeners as such the listener will always remember this words and will combine them with the discourse of Obama. As for mind manipulation it is the repetition that stays in our mind. [7]When we are learning or looking at advertisements or when we are learning a song, we always repeat them until we know them by heart. In the case of marketing the advertisements are kept easy and shown more than one so that they stick in our minds and when we have to choose between two product we will chose the one we â€Å"know† or that we can remember of.The same is in political discourses. The more often it is repeated the more we will remember them and believe them. In Obama’s case using the words Nation, New etc†¦ he tries to underline the idea of freshness in the United States and that it can only work as a NATION. As all presidents the repetition of AMERICA, motivates the American listeners and they feel directly talked to, strengthening also the bond between the people and the nation. Paul Chilton underlines in his book that discourses often use a container concept, which is created by the words used.This container ideology is divided in three structures: in interior and a exterior which are defined by a boundary which are formed in political discourses to a container- nation with political borders given by the speech. As such it is able for politicians to give the fault to others, outside of the container while securing the interior of the container. Analysis of Biblical references Apparently it is customary in American political discourse to employ biblical language[ 8], which is an inherent part of the old American public way of speaking.However, given that Obama is a non-traditional and liberal candidate for president,[9] it is even more interesting to analyze the biblical references he used and give possible explanations why used following citations for his speech. â€Å"We remain a young nation, but, in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. † Obama quoted here, the New Testament, 1 Corinthians 13:11, dealing with St. Paul’s letter to the church in Corinth.The goal he tried to achieve of this particular example is to also aims at the Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and non-believing Americans, to include them too into the speech, for it is a text that is usually read at wedding ceremonies and is not specified to one religion specifically, as it speaks about true love in the following manner: â€Å"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is n ot self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes an always perseveres.Love never fails. † (1 Corinthians, 13:4) â€Å"When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put childish ways behind me. Now we see but a poor reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known. And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love. † (1 Corinthians, 13:11) These Letters were written by St. Paul to the church in Corinth in the times of internal struggles and divisions in the church, and when the church was hreatened by immoral influences surrounding the community. St. Paul’s letter was a letter of criticism and implorement to the Corinthians to stop the arguing and fighting around different problems and embrace, what he called, the most important virtue: love. [10] The choice of this particular biblical reference could be perceived as Obama’s attempt to spread the ideology of love â€Å"loving thy neighbor† so that the American people can embrace a notion of racial inclusiveness and ideological diversity, necessary in the time of economic and international crises.Again we can find the idea of a â€Å"WE†. Conclusion: It is now obvious that Paul Chilton theory can be applied. We can see that it is the play together of the different methods and many more make a discourse unique and manipulative. But it is important to know in which context the discourse has been written as the context can change the words, emotions and message in a political discourse. In Obama’s speech we can find the concept of pragmatism, liberalism, inclusiveness, acceptance of religious and ethnic diversity and unity. As such the result of keywords of hi s run for presidency.This is shown by the prominent words employed by Obama: nation, new and America, and a overall dominance of the personal pronoun We understood as necessary in the time of national peril†¦ The results of the biblical references, which Paul Chilton explains as â€Å"only† way to motivate and capture America’s population, have shown that Obama’s choice of citations (quoting the Corinthians) was to strengthen the notion of unity and brotherly love among the various members of the American diverse society. As such we can see that his methods were well used and can be found by the methods of Paul Chilton.Obama stands for his candidature through his speech and ideology, world wide as a new wind for America that will rebuild and strengthen the country. And we have to remember that Obama is the first president that has been accepted as young and black person as president. Sources Primary source: Analyzing Political Discourse, Theory and Practice , Paul Chilton, Routledge, 2004 Bibliography: – Article Discourse Society January 1993 vol. 4 no. 1 7-31 : Metaphor in Political Discourse: The Case of the `Common European House' by Paul Chilton and Mikhail Ilyin Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. Secondary Sources: – University of Louisville, Article by Judith D. Fischer: http://www. law. louisville. edu/node/2720 – Online Document, Critical Discourse Analysis by Juraj Harvath: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cache:j-4vhWbO6a8J:www. pulib. sk/elpub2/FF/Ferencik2/pdf_doc/6. pdf+=de=lu=bl=ADGEESgDn7GSv6cJcZ6acGq5vk-rpp0mNE_qyGy5vUUCMEdg4d1M9efiWLiSgl3CRzYChNf3gQkZQ-saUZib0C5oBU-XVpDkee3pDul94RL3VlIR6nWc4j-OIJTNBkD9oZuSmxh4ybhM=AHIEtbRfcX_PIha4KZfnvwVFTzxPnRNSDA – Obama, the Lion in Winter: ttp://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ -5 Speechwriting Lessons from Obama’s Inaugural Speech by Andrew Dlugan: http: //sixminutes. dlugan. com/inauguration-speech-analysis-barack-obama-inaugural/ – Online Document: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches By Junling Wang: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v=cache:HzMPBXpzbW8J:ojs. academypublisher. com/index. php/jltr/article/download/0103254261/1807+=de=lu=bl=ADGEEShaYaCyse11UxuFQk1KY0Zb0oOh15Ng1vgnuIdLSpdkL4Ia5nqoDh1DV-aO46J-bKQV9Fyfc3mz1MrZ5VTIrAnm85bmHXzt4cJZgNLYXFeuExE4wl1-SjUvUuEWd78WR0jiI5aV=AHIEtbT3Yd_sOMwtzg1_LtcSsaQh2FbYGw – Wikipedia article about metaphors: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor visited on 21 November 2012 – St Paul’s Letters: http://biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html Apendix: The whole speech of Obama can be found on BBC: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/americas/obama_inauguration/7840646. stm ———————– [1] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Metaphor, visited on 21 November 2012 [2] Paul Chilton, Analyzing politi cal discourses, Page 49 [3] Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics, University of Chicago, 1993. 4] Obama, the Lion in Winter: http://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ [5] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 51 [6] Statistics taken out of: Critical discourse analysis by Juraj Harvath (controlled by myself again) [7] A Critical Discourse Analysis of Barack Obama’s Speeches By Junling Wang [8] Paul Chilton, Analyzing political discourses, Page 174 [9] Obama, the Lion in Winter: http://www. exec-comms. com/blog/2009/01/20/obama-the-lion-in-winter/ [10] St Paul’s Letters: http://biblescripture. net/1Corinthians. html

Impulse †Goddess Body Fragrance Advertisement Essay

The advertisement that I have chosen is the ‘Impulse’ anti-perspirant spray advertisement that was in Glamour magazine, which has an audience of stylish young women. The advert is targeted at the women who would read a magazine like Glamour because it is a women’s fragrance and because the picture at the centre is of a young beautiful woman. It is based on the same idea as the television advertisement for this product that was on at the same. The television advertisement is about a woman who keeps her spray in her handbag. When she opens her bag to use her deodorant, a tribe of little people who live in her bag look up out of her bag at her. They had been living around the aerosol can as if it was a totem pole and they believed that the woman who some times looked down on them from above was a goddess looking down from the heavens. The advertisement that I have chosen shows the scene from the television advertisement where she looks down into her bag and is worshiped by the tribe. The image of the woman and the product are at the centre of the advertisement. It was done in this way so it would grasp the attention of the reader, as the images are the most important parts. The image and text are mainly coloured in shades of gold, which is a colour that suggests wealth and holiness. This emphasises the theme of worship and godliness that is depicted in the advertisement. The advertisement relies on the slogan and image at the centre to get the attention of the reader and to get the right effect. The image is of a pretty young woman with light shining around her to suggest that she is holy and that she is looking down from heaven. The people of the tribe are looking up at her and praising her with their hands raised high. This shows that she is highly respected. Also the tribe are beneath her, which suggests that she is powerful. These are the qualities that reader of the advertisement aspires to when they see it in the magazine. On closer inspection of the picture it can be seen that everyone in the tribe is male. Because it is a tribe of men that is worshipping her, the advertisement is suggesting to the reader that the product will make the user more attractive to men. The advertisement gives a compliment to women in the slogan. â€Å"Summon your inner goddess,† suggests that the reader has an inner beautiful and powerful element that is attractive to other people. The slogan is in large capital letters and is bright and bold. This is because it needs to be highly visible as it is an important part of the advertisement. The rest of the writing, apart from the product name, is very small because it is important to capture the reader’s attention first to gain a larger audience for the advertisement. The details can be described later after people have become interested. There are few words on this advertisement as it relies mainly on the image and slogan to get its point over to the reader. This makes the image more striking and so more likely to catch the reader’s attention. The lack of words can be good because people generally do not want to read too many words. If there were more words the reader’s attention may be lost or the words may distract the attention from the image. Instead of identifying the product as just an anti-perspirant, it is called a body fragrance as well. This is a pleasant way of describing the product and gives the impression of a sweet smell and this is appealing to the reader. Overall the advertisement suggests to the reader that the user of this product will become like a goddess. This means they will be more confident, powerful and attractive. These attributes are very appealing to the target audience for this advertisement. It gives the impression of worship and adoration towards the woman in the picture and this is the type of respect the reader may aspire to.

The Topic Of Global Warming Environmental Sciences Essay

In recent treatments on the subject of Global Warming, a controversial issue has been whether the facts support this as a existent issue and that the universes temperature is in fact warming or one of this being a myth and the planets overall temperatures are non raising any more or less than in any other clip in history. On the one manus, some argue that forms of clime alteration have ever existed in history and that does non demo that the planet is warming at all. From this position, many factors can consequence climate alteration and the planet has a rhythm of warming and chilling that has continued throughout history. On the other manus, others argue that the usage of fossil fuels such as ( oil, gas, and coal ) have created extra Co2 in the ambiance making a nursery consequence that has helped to raise temperatures of the planet well. In the words of most reputable scientists, and one of this position ‘s chief advocates, â€Å" Al Gore † writer of the inconvenient tr uth, provinces planetary heating is so a serious issue in our universe and is non merely a myth ( Gore ) . Harmonizing to this position, clime alteration is an excepted fact and the planet is so warming as a consequence of human existences firing fossil fuels ( Gore ) . In amount, so, the existent issue is whether planetary heating is existent or a myth. Most scientists agree that this is non problematic and see it as more of fact. The difference of planetary heating can be narrowed farther into two parallel arguments. One is scientific, which focuses on the analyses of complex informations that is difficult for the ballad individual to understand and the other political side which is turn toing what the proper response authoritiess should take to a conjectural hazard. To add to this complex issue, big energy companies are buttonholing against planetary heating in an attempt to pull strings the truth, doing even more gray countries and projecting uncertainty on its veracity. Each side of the argument provides abundant scientific grounds that attempts to turn out at that place point. Advocates of an instantaneous and across-the-board regulative response insist that the scientific argument has long been settled. Some scientific incredulity can be good for scientists to dispute themselves to better the apprehension of the scientific discipline behind planetary heating. Therefore far this is non what materializes with clime alteration denial. Disbelievers dynamically censure any grounds that supports the issue that human existences are the chief cause of planetary heating and yet embrace any statement, article, survey, or web log that proposes confuting planetary heating or the affects persons are partaking on planetary heating. The deniers and sceptics have used similar fallacious strategies that they have used for old ages. They continue to assail the courier, suggesting that a worldwide secret plan of functionaries and environmental scientists are seeking to safeguard their support utilizing a nonreversible portraiture of the IPCC procedure. Their efforts are to foreground any specific downgrade in the anticipations and raise that out of context to propose a less desperate overall image. Pr ojecting a bastioned uncertainty and confusion, following the theoretical account of the â€Å" experts † employed for old ages by the baccy industry to expose the effects of smoking direct relation to malignant neoplastic disease. This is why Global Heating still has many contentions environing the subject that draw attending off from the existent issue. Global heating still has many contentions environing the subject that draw attending off from the existent issue. One illustration would be the resent â€Å" Climatgate † dirt where scientists were accused of pull stringsing and possible destroying informations on clime alteration. Harmonizing to an anon. hacker with the anonym â€Å" FOIA † hacked into email histories garnering over 1000 personal electronic mails. The hacker so leaked little inside informations of the electronic mails in a manner that at foremost looked like two head research workers had manipulated or omitted parts of the informations in order to show their findings. ( ? ) They subsequently found the research workers did nil wrong in the research or no grounds was found of disgusting drama or use. This shows the on-going battle at what lengths the persons are willing to travel to expose the research. Many treatments still continue on the subject of Global Warming with both sides taking a base on wheth er the facts support this as a existent issue and the universe ‘s temperature is in fact warming or one of this being a myth and the planets overall temperatures are non raising any more or less than in any other clip in history. Harmonizing to the latest study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , the merchandise of 100s of taking scientists from around the Earth, confirms that planetary heating is go oning now and needs to be addressed quickly to besiege expensive and ambitious complications ( IPCC ) . Many see human caused planetary heating to be a fairy tale, and they are looking for justification for the alteration in conditions forms and utmost temperature fluctuation. One statement consists of those who consider that clime fluctuation is a normal procedure in the conditions forms of the Earth, and the other consist of persons that believe it is human existences are the direct cause of clime alteration. They believe that this is caused human existences usage of fossil fuels and other gases that are released into the ambiance making a nursery consequence. NASA claims in an article released by the Dept. of Commerce, that solar intensifications do non hold the capacity to do the additions in planetary temperature and that nursery gasses are so playing a dominant function for clime alteration ( article ) . As the US Governments foremost planetary scientific establishment, NASA ‘s sentiment is extremely accepted by the community. The Dept. of Commerce explains in the same article, that a little sum of planetary heating can be attributed to the Sun about one one-fourth of planetary heating. ( citation ) That per centum is the ordinary portion of planetary heating and the remainder is from homo ‘s actions. Worlds are the taking cause behind the increased planetary warming tendency seen in the twentieth century. Natural factors like volcanic eruptions and fluctuations in the Sun, which remained dominant influences on temperatures in past centuries, can account for merely 25 per centum of planetary heating. The balance of the planets warming is caused by homo ‘s actions, preponderantly increasing degrees of Co2 and extra nursery gases. Harmonizing to writer, Thomas J. Crowley a Texas A & A ; M geologist â€Å" natural variableness † plays merely a subordinate function in the twentieth century heating and that the most penurious account for most of the heating is that it is due to the anthropogenetic addition in nursery gases ( Crowley ) . Crowley proposes the most direct nexus to day of the month between people and the addition in mean planets temperatures over the last century is due to something called the nursery consequence. The nursery consequence is a development where by heat from the Earth ‘s surface is absorbed by gases trapped in the ambiance. A part of heat or ( thermic radiation ) is so reflected back towards the surface and the lower ambiance. Resulting in a rise of the normal surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the extra atmospheric gases. Addition in upwind phenomena is another consequence of planetary heating. One theory is that an addition in the planets mean temperature may be adding to stronger hurricanes in the Atlantic over the past 30 old ages. FSU geographics Professor James B. Elsner, University of Wisconsin-Madison Professor James P. Kossin and FSU postdoctoral research worker Thomas H. Jagger have used planetary orbiter informations to happen that the strongest tropical cyclones are, in fact, acquiring deriving strength and ocean temperatures are playing a impulsive function in this tendency. This information is consistent with the â€Å" heat-engine † theory of cyclone strength which is all a consequence of the heating of our planet. Drought As planetary heating increases it will modify legion climes of the universe. Equally far as rainfall is concerned, it will lift equatorially in both polar and sub-polar parts, and lessening in semitropical countries. This alteration in precipitation form will bring forth a drouth in certain countries, while inundations in other countr ies. Warming of the ambiance will intensify the temperature in the planets saltwaters, which will digest continued elevated temperatures for centuries to come. Raised sea H2O temperatures will take to more frequent natural catastrophes like hurricanes with and increase strength. Overall, the planet will see risky conditions conditions, such as implosion therapy, drouths, hot and cold moving ridges, and unsafe conditions conditions like typhoons and tornados. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on ( IPCC ) , an addition in planetary temperature by 1.5 to 2.5 grades will do 20 to 30 per centum of species vulnerable to extinction, while a rise of about 3.5 grades will do 40 to 70 per centum species vulnerable to extinction. Climate alteration will ensue in loss of home ground for many carnal species like polar bears, tropical toads and coral reefs merely to advert a few. More significantly, any change in the planets weather could absolutely alter the migration forms of many different types of animate beings. An addition in the universe ‘s temperature will hinder the munificent biodiversity of unmeasurable ecosystems and could ensue in many species going nonextant. Unstable forms of rainfall will impact animate beings and worlds every bit. For worlds, planetary heating will impact our nutrient and H2O supply every bit good as our good health. Changes in the Earth ‘s rainfall will straiten many fundamental necessities such as hydro power workss, and agribusiness. Rise in the temperature of the planets Waterss will impede many piscaries that are already at a unstable point. The unexpected change in clime forms will hold a harmful consequence on the human organic structure which wo n't be able to digest the dangerous environments, a suggestion of which can be seen in method of frequent heat and cold moving ridges. Rush in natural calamities such as storms, will take to significant human casualties. Catching unwellnesss will lift to a noticeable grade as infection conveying insects will accommodate more rapidly to extreme conditions transporting with them many diseases. As a consequence frequent drouths and inundations could besides hold an consequence on human existences with nutrient deficits and many people could decease of undernourishment with a lessening in nutrient production. The of all time increasing emphasis it will hold on our system will make less assistance for those that rely on our kindne ss to feed themselves. The United States is a taking beginning of nursery emanations and reflecting cause of planetary heating. Harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate alteration ( IPCC ) , estimations are that it will take $ 1.375 trillion per twelvemonth to maintain the effects of clime alteration at a sustainable degree maintaining the planetary temperature addition to less than two grades Celsius ( 3.6 Degrees Fahrenheit ) . Having a well-coordinated revenue enhancement on carbon dioxide emanations will profit the universe as a whole and aid to prolong states by leting them to buy revenue enhancement credits from developing states which they can so utilize for an advanced and more sustainable hereafter. A C revenue enhancement is a wage as you go plan with C credits and being traded in an unfastened market for current defilers to hold clip to revise for a sustainable energy beginning. Trade caps would ask for civil war between the utmost groups of fouling states and those that are more en vironmentally witting. Monitoring of big pollution beginnings is already in topographic point with a orbiter and cheques in surveillance and financial and economic policies. By taxing a comparatively little figure of big beginnings we can travel frontward to a cleaner more sustainable Earth. Possibly add something on Sustainable Biofuels find options to fossil fuels and Carbon sinks to cut down the effects of Co2 emanations from firing C based fuel. To sum up the most important scientific findings of the predating few old ages, scientists have added extensively to the huge organic structure of grounds that demonstrates heat-trapping gases such as C dioxide that are fashioned chiefly from the combustion of fossil fuels are most surely altering the planetary clime, lifting temperatures and unsettling environments around the Earth. My ain position is that Global heating does be and that worlds have caused this addition due to the usage of fossil fuels making a nursery consequence. Thou gh I concede that specific fluctuations of clime alteration can be on a rhythm of the Earth ‘s history, I still maintain that recent addition in clime alterations are caused by an extra Co2 emanation. For illustration, the combustion of ( oil, gas, and coal ) is doing Co2 to construct up in the ambiance making a nursery affect pin downing gases that would non usually be at that place. This is lifting the overall temperature of the Earth and we are diffident of the negative side effects this may be doing for the hereafter. Although some might object that the Earth ‘s clime has a history of rhythms and with no clear informations as to what consequence it will hold on homo ‘s lives, I would answer that more research is needed and that we need to get down looking for advanced ways to lesson our usage of fossil fuels and expression for renewable sustainable energy beginnings with less emanations. The issue is of import because we all merely have one planet and waiting u ntil it is to late would non truly be a feasible option. I will stop to cite the great Norse dramatist Henrik Ibsen, wrote, â€Å" One of these yearss, the younger coevals will come knocking at my door. † ( qtd in Gore )